Merchant of Venice (Anti- Semitism)

Addressing Humanity The Merchant Of Venice In the Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare, Shylock is depicted as a manipulative, eager, and cash hungry man who, all through the book, is overwhelmed by the decay of his foes. As a result of the overarching against Semitic slant in Shakespeare's time, you would normally accept that the Merchant of Venice is an enemy of Semitic play. Notwithstanding, as you keep on analyzing the content, Shakespeare depicts Shylock in a considerably more human manner than was commonly done back then and he shows that Shylock is, truth be told, a piece of humanity.Shakespeare challenges hostile to Semitism by demonstrating that Jews are much the same as Christians. He does this by demonstrating how the defects that individuals have are what make us human. Indeed, even today, Shakespeare shows the world how tricky individuals can be, regardless of their religion, race, or individual convictions. Shakespeare utilizes incongruity in this play to show that the awful things that Shylock (the Jew) has done are no more regrettable than what Antonio (the Christian) has done in his lifetime.Therefore, this makes the impact of acculturating the characters and exhibits that paying little mind to religion or race, individuals have both great and terrible sides. In spite of the fact that Shylock’s Jewishness is made clear from the exact instant he is presented, and in this manner appears to fortify Shakespeare’s fill in as being hostile to Semitic, it is in reality Shylock’s mind and mankind that uncover how Shakespeare difficulties such inclination. Before Shylock even enters the play, the scene presentation makes reference to that he is a Jew⠭â ­ and quickly sets your brain against him, particularly in Elizabethan England when Jews were alienated.Shylock cited, â€Å"[Antonio] hath disrespected me [Shylock] and frustrated me a large portion of a million, chuckled at my misfortunes, ridiculed at my benefits, despise d my country, impeded my deals, cooled my companions, warmed mine enemiesâ€and what’s his explanation? I [Shylock] am a Jew. (3:1:52). † While Jews were despised in view of their strict convictions, Shakespeare clarified that every strict gathering detested one another. For instance, Shylock says, â€Å"I loathe him for he is a Christian (1:3:40). † Therefore, in spite of the fact that Shylock is made the â€Å"bad guy† in this play, he isn’t the just a single liable of strict discrimination.Shakespeare clarifies that both Antonio and Shylock have no strict resilience for one another and are biased toward each other’s religion. In spite of the fact that William Shakespeare persuades that Shylock is partial toward Christians, the explanation behind his scorn turns out to be clear when you discover that he is a man who is manhandled by the Christians encompassing him. Shylock has a purpose behind his disdain, â€Å"You call me skeptic, rele ntless canine, And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine. 1:3:121)† Shylock safeguards his disdain when he says, â€Å" Hath not a Jew Eyes? Hath not a Jew Hands, organs, measurements, detects, expressions of love, interests? Taken care of with a similar food, hurt with similar weapons, subject to similar ailments, mended by similar methods, warmed and cooled by a similar winter and summer as a Christian may be? In the event that you prick us, do we not drain? In the event that you stimulate us, do we not chuckle? On the off chance that you harm us do we not bite the dust? Furthermore, on the off chance that you wrong us, will we not retribution? On the off chance that we resemble you in the rest, we will look like you in that.If a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his quietude? Retribution. In the event that a Christian wrong a Jew, what should his fortitude be by Christian model? Why, vengeance! (3:1: 52)† Therefore, it is Shylock’s human instinct that drives him to detes t Christians, not in view of their strict convictions straightforwardly, but since of their contempt of him just on account of his strict convictions. Shylock guards his mankind by demonstrating the Christians that they are the same as the Jews they treat with such disrespect.Shylock has a longing for retribution, which further adapts him and associates him with Antonio. As a result of Shakespeare’s selection of words, he persuades that he is an enemy of Semitic. Be that as it may, a more critical gander at how Shakespeare shapes the play outlines a more profound themeâ€that individuals are individuals, regardless of their religion, race, or convictions. Shylock doesn’t preform his activities since he is a Jew, he is essentially mean on account of the manner in which different characters treat him. Shylock says, â€Å"I have made a solemn vow that I will have my bond.Thou call’dst me hound before thou hadst a reason, But since I am a canine, be careful my te eth. † Shylock's activities are supported due to the manner in which different characters treat him. . Christian retribution is run of the mill; thusly, Jewish vengeance can’t be blamed. While Shylock is mean due to the barbarous treatment he has gotten for an incredible duration, Antonio has no reason. Shylock causes you to understand that while Shakespeare may give the appearance that he is an enemy of Semitist, he truly accepts that all individuals are equivalent and scorn is universal.At the day's end, Shakespeare demonstrates that it is Shylock’s humankind that makes him simply like every other person. He shows that the contentions in The Merchant of Venice may begin due to strict contrasts; notwithstanding, the real message is all the more how the craving for vengeance is something all individuals share for all intents and purpose, regardless of some other contrasts in their lives. Shylock challenges the generalizations given to him in the start of the book and makes a mind boggling character whose conduct is legitimized on account of the manner in which different characters treat him.The Merchant of Venice shows that no scholars must be limited by the preferences of their time. While Shakespeare presumably never met a Jew in the course of his life, he demonstrated that religion doesn’t characterize who an individual is. A few people may contend that since Shakespeare gives Shylock the cliché Jewish attributes, he is clearly hostile to Semitic. In any case, Shakespeare demonstrates through Shylock that his aim wasn’t to underline hostile to Semitism, yet to show that all individuals have both great and terrible sides to them.

Alike or Different Essay Example for Free

The same or Different Essay We can attempt to change ourselves, by changing our appearance, putting on cosmetics, wearing diverse garments, adornments, and so on. Yet, it’s an instance of appearance, yet it likewise includes the individual underneath that veil everybody attempts to hole up behind. No one has ever attempted to take a gander at the individual underneath before making a decision about them. It’s just self image that disrupts the general flow. What will the outcome be when individuals are deprived of every one of their adornments, when that veil is expelled? What we get is a rollercoaster of feelings. Things that individuals can never figure are covered up underneath. Furthermore, that’s one more similitude, which makes mixed up judgment likewise put into account. Emotions are likewise something to take a gander at. For instance, individuals do get glad, irate and pitiful in various circumstances, however everybody despite everything gets those feelings now and again, paying little heed to reason. Also, everybody experiences a similar life cycle, how they’re conceived, go to youngsters, at that point the high school, center maturing comes after, at that point being old, lastly demise. Everybody will confront passing sometime in the future. Furthermore, everybody is made by God, and made of similar materials, as some accept. Everybody eats and inhales, everybody has the five detects, it's not possible for anyone to live without a crucial organ, and nobody can have otherworldly powers. Furthermore, these are for the most part likenesses. * much more individuals don’t put stock in that maxim, they accept that individuals contrast in a great deal of things, and the things that they share for all intents and purpose with others can be taken a gander at from an alternate point, having them into another effect. For instance, everybody is an individual, yet everybody is an alternate sort of individual, contingent upon character, looks, and capacities. What's more, the way that everybody has a fantasy that will be satisfied can likewise be a distinction, similar to everybody has an alternate dream and an alternate objective for what's to come. Concerning the life, everybody has an actual existence, yet it relies upon how they live it, and how everybody utilizes it that has any kind of effect. In addition, a few people are destined to have the character to be acceptable pioneers, and others have the force and will to buckle down in what they’re great at, while others don’t treasure their capacities, and rather they use it to their benefit, to show signs of improvement out of things, while they cause hurt to every other person around them. That’s a case of being and not having the option to be a valuable individual, to not utilize life astutely, and another way why individuals are unique. Some accept that individuals contrast by they way they look (both outwardly and within), how they respond to things around them, their character, convictions, morals and religions. What can likewise consider a distinction is the means by which everybody is raised, what they’re instructed to accept, where and when they were conceived and who they lived with. Individuals regularly receive propensities from those they live with, which can now and again be acceptable, and once in a while be awful. That can make a great deal of contrasts contrasted with somebody who was brought into the world rich, lived rich, and kicked the bucket rich. Another perspective on is people’s appearance. A few people truly care about what they look like, and consistently attempt to put their best self forward now and again. Some wouldn’t really think about that subject. Some consideration, yet not really. Furthermore, that’s identified with both character and physical appearance. Language spoken is additionally a distinction. What's more, the way that a few of us can accomplish something that others can’t, which comes down to capacity. Moreover now and then individuals have inabilities that others don’t have. Now and then there are ailments and ailments that run in families, and some acquire that malady and some don’t, which is another distinction. On the off chance that we attempt and rundown these distinctions they won't have an end, and simply thinking would take long as well. So it’s not an instance of what is the equivalent and what can be extraordinary, it’s exactly how individuals think about things in their own perspective. So paying little heed to what there is that can be utilized as a contention, and anyway we think the ones who think the inverse aren't right, and regardless of which point we use take a gander at things, everything returns to assessment, and sentiments are significant. Furthermore, my supposition remains the equivalent, however shouldn't something be said about yours? What's more, what’s progressively significant is to motivation behind why we take a gander at things starting there of view, and on the off chance that we truly are as a rule reasonable, or in the event that we are simply passing judgment on others by what we consider them, and how we consider them. Furthermore, above all, would we say we are truly being reasonable, or do we simply think we are?

How to Write MBA Essays That Will Help Your Grades

How to Write MBA Essays That Will Help Your GradesMost people who start to write MBA essays are expecting them to be easy and simple. After all, the purpose of them is to help students in gaining a better understanding of their own performance in the course. This article will look at the best ways on how to write MBA essays that will allow you to get an efficient grade in the course.The first thing that you need to do is to make sure that your essay is factual. This means that you need to make sure that all information that you are giving are to be verifiable. In addition, you also need to make sure that the content of your essay is based on facts. This is very important if you want to be able to earn an excellent grade in the course.Another important factor that you need to consider is the quality of the essay. You need to make sure that your essay has proper grammar and also correctly aligned prose. Also, it is important that you use clear and concise words so that the reader can e asily understand what you are trying to convey.It is also important that you make sure that you read up on the topic. Reading up on the topic will help you make sure that you are able to accurately represent what you are trying to say in your essay. This also ensures that the material that you are presenting is completely understandable by your readers.Make sure that you also pay attention to the sentence structure of your essay. You also need to make sure that the structure of your essay is well-defined. Some people tend to put too much information in their essay, which results in the sentence structure being confusing. It is therefore important that you make sure that you organize your essay effectively so that it will be easy for you to read.One final tip that you need to consider is that you make sure that your writing style is clearly expressed. You also need to make sure that your writing style is free from slang and jargon. It is also important that you make sure that you avo id the use of false statements, which will also lead to your grade getting reduced.Finally, you need to make sure that you proofread your essay before submitting it to your instructor. Many students think that they can just submit their essays with no proofreading. However, this is not the case, as you need to make sure that you proofread your essay. Also, make sure that you carefully read through the material before you submit it.These are just some of the tips that you need to make sure that you follow when you are writing MBA essays. With a little bit of practice, you will soon be able to write MBA essays that are effective and which can help you to get an excellent grade in the course. However, this is not something that you need to expect overnight, as you need to make sure that you always keep a positive attitude towards writing.

Essay on Social Aspect of Substance Abuse - 1001 Words

Addiction is a difficult disease that involves several different factors including biological, psychological and sociological aspects. Anderson (1997) states that substance use refers generally to the ingestion of illicit drugs such as marijuana, cocaine, opiates, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, PCP, amphetamines, etc. The use of illicit drugs, such as alcohol and nicotine, are less frequently included in this definition, despite their widespread use and undisputed potential for harm. Substance abuse, however, is a more value-laden term which implies substance use, probably over time, which is somehow detrimental or harmful. Thus, substance use need not constitute substance abuse, although they often coexist. Wormer, Davis (2010) indicates†¦show more content†¦This can be used as the stepping stone to better understanding the undertaking that the counselor will have to overcome. The social aspect is critical for a number of reasons. One reason is that as the foundation of the disability rights and independent living movement, the individual control has become a major issue. People with alcohol and drug addictions know their situations best and given the proper resources can make the best decisions about they need. The individual control, however, has been compromised in those situations in which people cannot make the best decision for themselves. In these cases, parents, and relatives have to step in and assume the responsibility. In some situations a medical or clinician has to assume the responsibility concerning the needs to the individual with the alcohol and drug addictions. The client has to understand that enabling is inherent part of alcohol and drug addictions. The family members that are constantly enabling the client are causing severe problems also. Sociocultural Factors Wormer, Davis (2010) states social/economic and cultural factors are a potent force in the development of alcohol and drug misuse, the ability to get and receive help, and the availability of supports for a recovery process. No culture is free from alcohol and drug addiction it is a disease that affects all cultures. In the African AmericanShow MoreRelatedAlcohol And Substance Abuse : An Individual Behavior That Reflects Underlying Dysfunction921 Words   |  4 Pagesseeking behaviours and Substance use is an individual behavior that reflects underlying dysfunction in the family (Klagsbrun Davis, 1977; Stanton et al., 1982). Many researchers consider that the family has a crucial role in preventing delinquent behaviors and behaviors related to substance abuse. The quality of parenting has been linked to psychological well-being, stress and social support. It was also found to be a predictor of antisocial behaviors and substance abuse (Velleman, Templeton Read MoreSubstance Use An d Substance Abuse1269 Words   |  6 Pages1. Describe your understanding of â€Å"substance use† versus â€Å"substance abuse† and why these concepts should be of concern for child welfare workers (Chapter 6)? Substance use and substance abuse is hazard for anyone associated with the issue. However, it is life changing ordeal for children who life decisions are made by individuals who is suffering from either of these problems. Nonetheless, to understand the severity of substance abuse and substance use is to define each issue and the role it playsRead MoreAlcohol Abuse and Alcohol Anonimus Essay708 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol Abuse is part of disorder that affects many people throughout the world. Many are aware of the issues the disorder can bring not just on the victim, but also to the people that surround the person with the psychological problem. 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Substance abuse social workers assess and treat individuals with substance abuse problems, which includeRead MoreSubstance Abuse Counselors Should Follow The Four Ethical Principles1181 Words   |  5 Pageswhich include: hiring competent substance abuse counselors, effective assessing guidelines, appropriate Evidenced Based Treatment Plans, case management services, programs for Change, family services, and promoting prevention programs. The treatment program being designed will offer a warm and inviting atmosphere that welcomes all clients. Hiring competent substance abuse counselors will be beneficial for designing a successful treatment program. 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Drug abuse plays a major role when concerning mental health. It is very difficult for these individuals to engage in treatment. Diagnosis for a treatment is difficult because it takes time to disengage the interacting effects of substance abuseRead MoreSubstance Abuse That The Np Should Discuss With Mr. Hr And His Girlfriend?759 Words   |  4 Pages5. Discuss one main issue of substance abuse that the NP should discuss with Mr. HR and his girlfriend?(15pts) Answer: Relapse is defined a person who returns to a certain behavior that he/she had stopped doing that for a certain period. Commonly, these behaviors include to use the alcohol, cigarette and substance abuse. Patients with anxiety and shame have higher chance to get into remission condition because they tend to use these substances to relieve their pain, shame and anxiety. Mr. HR just

Essay on Benjamin Franklins Autobiography - 1429 Words

ESSAY ON BEN FRANKLIN’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography is an inspiring tale of his personal, as well as public achievement throughout his life. Franklin’s life embodies the exemplary model of a life composed of discipline, self-reliance and self improvement. From his humble beginnings as an apprentice candle and soap maker in his father’s business to a successful business man, author, philosopher, civil activist, politician scientist, inventor, and diplomat, above all Benjamin Franklin was, and still is, an American Icon and truly a pioneer of the American Dream. Dr. Franklin made it a point in his autobiography to detail his life as a young man. The youngest of thirteen children, his father was unable to afford†¦show more content†¦As a child attending grammar-school he had been moved to the head of the class and ultimately being skipped to a higher grade. Later as an apprentice in his brother’s printing-house he states In little time I made great proficiency in the business, and became a useful hand to my brother Franklin sites a strong work ethic throughout his autobiography as a means of advancement in life. At 17 years of age, he ran away to New York and the first thing he did was to seek suitable employment. After experiencing many a hardship Franklin remained resolved and finally established himself in Philadelphia were he found work and much favor with whomever he acquainted himself with. He firmly was against wasting time on frivolous activities and encouraged the reader to mind their business and be industrious in all things. This too was a practice he implemented his whole life and was the reason he was rewarded on several occasions with better opportunities and advancement in business. Franklin also gave many examples to the reader of his autobiography to practice diligence in minding the company they keep and gave much advice about keeping away from questionable establishments and having nothing to do with scoundrels. He made points to make friendships with people that were of good reputation, men who as himself had interest in education and industry and in his youth many older men whose advice he regarded before many life alteringShow MoreRelated Benjamin Franklins Autobiography Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pages In Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography, Samuel Keimer is a character who represents the antithesis of Franklin. The development of Keimer not only improves the reader’s understanding of the minor character, but also of Franklin, the major character. 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Many look at Benjamin Franklins Autobiography as your typical rags to riches tale yet, the truth and falsehood throughoutRead MoreBenjamin Franklins Autobiography: the Role of Keimer Essay1156 Words   |  5 PagesIn Benjamin Franklins Autobiography, Samuel Keimer is a character who represents the antithesis of Franklin. The development of Keimer not only improves the readers understanding of the minor character, but also of Franklin, the major character. Franklin makes a p oint of showing the reader each of Keimers faults and contrasting them with his own merits.brbrWhen Keimer is first introduced to the reader, he is in very much the same circumstances as Franklin; they are two young men trying toRead MoreBenjamin Franklin Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION Benjamin Franklin was born in Milk Street, Boston on January 6, 1706. Throughout his existence Franklin exemplified a life of self-improvement. His eagerness to improve himself trickled over into his eagerness to help others improve themselves. Franklin was the youngest son of his father’s 17 children. Coming from such an enormous family, his education ended at the age of ten years old. At the age of twelve Franklin began to work alongside of his brother James. When the two of themRead MoreCriticism of Fordes Claim on Benjamin Franklins Autobiography1629 Words   |  7 PagesArgumentative Essay on Fordes claim on Benjamin Franklins autobiography Benjamin Franklins autobiography by Steven Fordes was compiled both as a template for the ancient Americans on how they should live and interact with one another in their society and a memoire to his son. The work was received and embraced by many around the world, Asians and Europeans inclusive. The work was also criticized for many reasons. In order to reach his aim or goal, Forde split the work into three distinct topics;Read MoreThe Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin recounts the many paramount experiences throughout his life that shaped him into great American figure he was known to be. On the opening page, Franklin reveals the book’s epistolary format by writing, â€Å"Dear Son,† going on to admit that he’s made some mistakes in the past and to recollect that past is a way to relive it. 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He first started writing the autobiography for his son, but eventually turn it into a story for others to imitate. He describes his life, virtues, and public service to others. The Autobiography opens withRead MoreMary Rowlandson and Benjamin Franklins Storied of Captivity Essay example552 Words   |  3 Pages Mary Rowlandson: A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson And Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography ​Every literature story has an importance of a great leader or a survivor. There are apparent themes in this captivity narrative such as the doubt of life. The story of Mary Rowlandson and Benjamin Franklin wrote a narrative of their life experience and their adventure. They learn from the attack that no one is guaranteed life, and life can be short. There are clear

Media Coverage on Occupy Wall Street Essay - 659 Words

In October of 2011, the media could no longer ignore the thousands of protesters camping in Zuccotti Park calling themselves Occupy Wall Street with their battle cry of â€Å"We are the 99 percent† (Gitlin 50). The social movement began to bring awareness on economic inequality in which 99 percent of the wealth was controlled by one percent of the population. The name Occupy Wall Street began because the protestors were occupying the space outside of Wall Street through setting up tents and refusing to leave the location (Gitlin 26). As more and more protestors flocked to the camps, the movement broadened its goals to include a wide variety of issues including agriculture, housing and student loans. Described as lacking any clear-cut goals for†¦show more content†¦Due to the scattered and non-hierarchical organization of Occupy Wall Street, it is unclear how many sexual assaults occurred in the Occupy camps. There is no official data from the camps and many women in t he camps decided to deal with the perpetrators on their own rather than reporting to the police. However, the actual number of assaults are not necessary for this research because the news media made this issue into a pressing concern and presented it as a crisis to the point where Occupy Wall Street released the statement â€Å"Transforming Harm Building Safety: Confronting Sexual Violence At Occupy Wall Street Beyond† about sexual assaults in the camp (www.occupywallst.org). The hype created by news outlets created an opening to explore the narrative of sexual assaults during the Occupy Wall Street protests. How the media covers sexual assaults creates serious implications for how society responds to sexual assault. Because individuals both receive and interpret knowledge from the media, the messages media shape help the public create informed opinions on social issues. Due to society taking mainstream news coverage to be objective and truthful, the messages society learns from news coverage of sexual assault have serious effects on survivors. These effects include how likely a survivor is to come forward with his or her assault, what people’s attitudes are about sexual assault and how the publicShow MoreRelatedThe Streets Of The New York Stock Exchange1236 Words   |  5 Pages Wall street is said to be the home of the New York Stock Exchange; the New York stock exchange the world’s largest stock exchange by total market capitalization according to Forbes magazine. Major exchange has had or has also their headquarters in the Wall Street area and this includes NASDA X, The New York Board of Trade, and New York Mercantile Exchange. The Occupy Wall Street movement is a global protest movement against Social and Economic inequality with the primary goal to make the economicRead MoreThe Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay1049 Words   |  5 Pages Occupy Wall Street has been called many things including: unfocused, ungrounded, and silly. Others coin it as â€Å"America’s first internet-era movement† (Rushkoff). In quintessence, Occupy Wall Street is a series of protests and demonstrations that oppose the influence that corporate greed has on American Democracy. The protestors manipulate marches and nonviolent demonstrations to express their dissatisfaction with the state of American Politics and economy. 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Herzberg Theory of Motivation and Expectancy Theory of Motivation

Question: Briefly Explain and apply Herzbergs theory of Motivation to help Shirley. Answer: Introduction The report will discuss in detail about the case where a manager named Shirley Henderson has got promotion recently and is facing problems with one of the guy. Tony is the efficient employee. However, he is not doing his work for some reasons like he found his work boring and thinks that he doesn't have a say in work. In other words, he just has to follow the order given by Shirley. The report will discuss the situation with the help of two theories, Herzberg's theory of motivation and expectancy theory of motivation. Herzbergs theory of motivation This theory is based on certain features of work, and they are consistently associated with the elements like job satisfaction, and other factors are related to dissatisfaction with a job (Pepper and Gore, 2015). These factors are mentioned below: - Factors related to satisfaction: - Accountability or responsibility Recognition Accomplishment Work Development Factors for dissatisfaction Polices of the organization Extra supervision Association with the peers and supervisors (Pepper and Gore, 2015) Current work conditions Status Safety or security Salary or remuneration It can be concluded that factors associated with the two elements discussed above are not in complete contrast. It is important to understand the opposite of satisfaction is called as no satisfaction and on the other hand opposite of dissatisfaction is called as no dissatisfaction (Miner, 2015). Job factors are divided into two categories discussed as below: - Hygiene factors: these are those factors that are crucial for the very existence of the motivation for the organization. These factors never lead to positive kind of satisfaction for a long run. However, these factors are not present at the organization and in this case, this will lead to dissatisfaction. Therefore, these factors are crucial for the job and work culture. Such factors are also extrinsic by nature. These factors can also be termed as dissatisfying factors as it needs to ignore dissatisfaction based factors (Nuttin, 2014). Motivation factors: as per theory, hygiene factors cannot be called as motivators. The factors must help in earning the positive level of satisfaction. Such factors are quite inherent towards the work, and these factors encourage the employees for a higher level of performance, and this is called as satisfiers. Understand the reasons for Tonys behavior The above explanation explains that the fact is the main reason of dissatisfaction will not have the capacity to create any dissatisfaction. It will also not add any features associated with job satisfaction can decrease or diminish the level of job dissatisfaction. When any company has the hostile work culture, promotion or appraisal will not make much difference in the attitude (Nuttin, 2014). It is important to create healthy work culture however at the same time, do not provide members of the team with any factor based on satisfaction and the work that they are doing will not make any difference in the level of satisfaction. Therefore, the same kind of situation happened in the case where Tony was not interested in the work because of the work culture which was impacting his level of motivation to perform better despite job satisfaction and good salary package. The work was losing the thrill to play and work efficiently to affect the performance of the organization (Taylor, 2014) . Advise Shirley how to motivate Tony Here, it is important for Shirley to keep pay structure in right manner and it should be equal as well as competitive to those elements which are in similar kind of domain. Then there are some policies in a company that must not be too strict or rigid. It is important that they are clear as well as fair. The working hours should be flexible, right dress code, vacations, and breaks (Taylor, 2014). Tony is high performing employee, so he must be offered a number of plans like health care, advantages for the members of the family and many employee help programs. The work culture must be clean, safe and in a proper manner. The work tools must be timely updated and maintained in the right manner. Also, the status of the employees in the company must be well retained and must be familiar. The association with the employees with the peers as well as supervisors must be acceptable, and there must be no flight element (Drnyei and Ushioda, 2013). In this case, recognition holds a lot of importance where Tony must be praised for the good work and also must be provided with some achievement by the managers. He must also have a sense of accomplishment, and this depends on the work. Tony must also be provided with opportunities based on development and advancement at work in a company to encourage the employees to work better. The workforce should hold themselves accountable for the labour and Shirley should give then an ownership to work and also reduce the overall control but at the same time retain some level of responsibility (L?z?roiu, 2015). Expectancy theory of motivation Other methods are based on the association between the needs internally and the outcome efforts that are expanded to fulfill those needs, but in this theory, the efforts are completely separated which give rise from motivation to results and performance. The expectancy theory is based on the assumption that the outcome of behavior from many conscious alternatives are among the other choices where the motive is to increase the pleasure and reduce the overall pain. Also, the author realized that the performance of the employee is based on many single factors like skills, personality, abilities and much more (L?z?roiu, 2015). He also discussed that the performance, efforts, and motivation are related to the motivation at a personal level, and one must also utilize different components like Valence, Expectancy and Instrumentality for the same. Expectancy is based on the belief that rise in the efforts will lead to a rising in performance and one has to work harder to be better. This can be done with the help of a number of methods like having right kind of resources that are present, having right kind of skill set to perform and having all necessary support system to get the work done. While instrumentality is a belief that if an employee performs well that an appreciated result will be accomplished. The level to which an initial level based results will lead to the second level of results. This factor is affected by clarity in understanding the relationship exist between the results and the performance, trusting people who will take right kind of decisions on who achieve the results and transparency in the process that helps in determining who get the results. In the end, valence is crucial that the particular places are based on expected results (Barron and Hulleman, 2015). To have a positive valence, the person should p refer accomplishing the results not to achieve it. For instance, if money motivates anyone, he might not value offers to the additional amount of time off. The elements in valence are efforts based performance expectancy and performance based result expectancy. Understand the reasons for Tonys behavior Like the theory is based on perceptions. Similarly, in the case, Shirley thinks that she has provided everything right to motivate and even if the work with many people in the organization, it never means that someone will not perceive that it will not work for them. Shirley failed to understand that what Tony wants in reward for doing a good work and whether there will be a belief more on the work that will lead to a particular reward (Barron and Hulleman, 2015). Advise Shirley how to motivate Tony Tony is expecting something in return where he will perform to get some recognition and Shirley must do exactly that. She must put more efforts in encouraging his spirit and make work more exciting for him by throwing more challenges at him. It is important to make some associations with people towards some expected results, and the overall contribution must be based on making positive results (Magidson et al., 2014). Conclusion To increase the performance and positive results, managers must use a system that can tie the reward closely with the overall performance. Shirley also requires making sure, that they are rewarded appropriately and are deserved and wanted by the employees. This is mainly to improve the efforts based on performance tie (Magidson et al., 2014). To improve the overall tie between efforts and performance, she must engage employees like Tony in training to develop their capacities and also improve the belief that extra efforts will lead to improvement in performance. Reference Barron, K.E. and Hulleman, C.S., (2015). Expectancy-value-cost model of motivation.International encyclopedia of social and behavioral sciences, pp.261-271. Drnyei, Zand Ushioda, E., (2013).Teaching and researching: Motivation. Routledge. L?z?roiu, G., (2015). Work Motivation and Organizational Behavior.Contemporary Readings in Law and Social Justice, (2), pp.66-75. Magidson, J.F., Roberts, B.W., Collado-Rodriguez, A. and Lejuez, C.W., (2014). Theory-driven intervention for changing personality: Expectancy value theory, behavioral activation, and conscientiousness.Developmental psychology,50(5), p.1442. Miner, J.B., (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nuttin, J., (2014).Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Pepper, A. and Gore, J., (2015). Behavioral agency theory: New foundations for theorizing about executive compensation.Journal of management,41(4), pp.1045-1068. Taylor, S., (2014).Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Routledge